A less known recent example of State bullying is also highly telling: The journalist and writer Willem Oltmans, mocker of the monarchy (never do that!), the establishment and Dutch industry, was put out of work, any work, by successive Dutch governments for a period of 25 years, starting in 1971. After being a Don Quijote for years he finally had his day in court. The State was forced to pay him 5 million euro. Which they stalled for years in the hope he'd die of old age. He gracefully refused to do so, however, and at the age of 75 collected his cash and bought his longed for piano.

These examples of state terrorism are sanctioned by Dutch mentality: 'if you stick out your head too often, we'll chop it off'. Also, the Dutch Constitution's Article 7 on the Freedom of Expression was not written with John Stuart Mill's On Liberty in mind. Mill preached total freedom of speech because "even a raving madman might say something sound". In Holland this position is only defended by some philosophers of the University of Amsterdam. Philosophy professor Pieter Pekelharing (University of Amsterdam) is a bit of a loner when he states that: "Geert Wilders is an intolerant fool who nevertheless has every right to say stupid things. Also, we cannot rule out the remote possibility that he is right on the dangers of the islam" (The Volkskrant, 15 March 2008).

Mill's ideas on liberty were never fully incorporated into the Dutch rule of law because the reshuffling of power that took place in 1848, and which in the following decades led to our present parliamentary system, was mainly intended to check and balance a despotic and incompetent king — and had very little to do with a democratic revolution. The constitution handed power exclusively to a very small group of high-brow, male haves, who were allowed to vote and sit in Parliament because they paid a high amount of taxes (and where of good social standing). The "solution of 1848" decidedly did two things: the King's power was curbed and the growing unrest of the elite ("we pay taxes, but we have no say") was eased. Whatever happened later on — the first political parties after the 1880s, men's general vote in 1917, women's vote in 1919, and so on — was never the intention. On the contrary the constitution was intended to curb freedom, and we are now stuck with it, mentally and legally.

Opportunistic tolerance

The pattern of merely practical and opportunistic tolerance, and never absolute freedom, was already prevalent in the 17th century Dutch Republic's "Golden Age". Sure, the story goes that Huguenots from France, Jews from Spain and Portugal, Lutherans from the German states, and bored Brits flocked to Amsterdam and Holland because here they were free and tolerated. Descartes, Pascal, Spinoza, Locke, Voltaire — they all found refuge and a printing press. The truth is a bit more grim. The Huguenots, Jews and Germans were welcomed because they were very profitable. The Huguenots brought in cash, the Jews connections and the Germans were excellent cannon fodder. The famous philosophers were often mere puppets on a propaganda string. John Locke's ideas on liberties (never: freedom) was most handy to Calvinist Stadholder William III of Orange in his war against Louis, the Catholic French Sun King, and for his invasion of Great Britain to be crowned King in 1688. That is, after William III had his Dutch critic, Prime Minister (raadspensionaris), the renowned republican, mathematician and philosopher Johan de Witt disembowelled and lynched by the Orangist mob in The Hague.

 

Johan de Witt — disembowelled by an Orangist mob

The Dutch Republic formally gained independence in 1648. But that was only after fighting a very bloody 80 years long war of terror against Spain. This war can be seen as a truly Darwinian struggle in which hundreds of thousands of people perished, and only the "real believers were saved". From the first gunshots that started it, the Dutch and the Orange dynasty were geared to the Providential realpolitik of power and profit. The Dutch Republic was regarded as the Second Israel and the Dutch saw themselves as Providence's beloved lapdog, which only gave them even more justification to do as they pleased. The high-brow elite of stern Calvinistic regents denied anybody else access to power. The regents and their social milieu were merciless businessmen — only to be compared to the present Mafia. Piracy, blackmail, extortion, assassination, it all belonged to business as usual. And every perverse aspect of business was superbly mastered or invented: the piracy of the international sea trade; the export of war; the speculation with food during famines; the professionalisation of the slave trade to the West; Amsterdam's stock exchange and its international banking; Amsterdam's profitable opium trade with the East; the invention of Amsterdam's prostitution; and the printing and export of illegal books.

Controlled tolerance

In her massive 17th Century Dutch Book Censorship (The Hague 1998) Ingrid Weekhout convincingly shows that censorship on the Dutch was extremely strict. Much more so than censorship on the people of Great Britain. Often writers, printers, booksellers, and buyers were banished or imprisoned for life. Nearly always they were ruined because of the heavy fines. Censorship was applied to every expression that was not in accordance with the interests of the Dutch regents and their politics, the Dutch State Church that was sponsored by the regents, and the huge colonizing firms such as the West and East Indies Companies, which were privately owned by the same regents. However, the export of books which were censored and banned because of their ideas on atheism, equality or freedom of speech, was sanctioned because the export of banned books was such a powerful propaganda tool against Spain and France. Moreover, it was so profitable. As always this proved to be the winning argument. The regents also used it to defend the murderous slave trade: "Something that is so profitable, cannot be against God's Will."

Writers and scholars were never allowed to go too far. The room for intellectual exploration was strictly fenced and checked. There was controlled tolerance, not freedom of the press. Many historians have wondered about the lack of Dutch policemen during the 17th, 18th and early 19th Century. Only one or two "sheriffs" covered major cities such as Amsterdam or Rotterdam. However, there was hardly any need for this profession: the social net of the Dutch State Church, the regents and their vertical linkage, the municipality, the extended family and the neighbours was inescapable. Nearly always the accused were caught. The every day threat of social annihilation was very real. And there where people like Locke flourished, social and religious critics such as the Koerbagh brothers, unfortunately writing in Dutch, were starved to death in dungeons.

Spinoza escapes his murderers

Jonathan Israel in his highly acclaimed Radical Enlightenment (Oxford 2001) describes in detail the secret and underground culture of radical rationalists such as Spinoza, Baruch d'Espinosa (1632-1677), a Jew of Portuguese ancestry. In our time his works are seen as Enlightenment's best. But in his time his highly critical interpretation of the bible, his social analyses, and his rational and mathematical approach to reality were despised by the people in power and, in fact, by most of his readers. After the clandestine publication of Tractatus, he was literally driven to the fringes of society and although not officially, in practice placed under house arrest in the hamlet Rijnsburg. During the 1670s he became more and more isolated and tightly controlled. A situation which worsened after the "spontaneous" lynching of Prime Minister Johan de Witt, who hadn't agreed with Spinoza, but tolerated him. Although Spinoza was very careful and secretive, and was helped by a band of some fifteen brethren, word got out that he worked on something even more explosive than the Tractatus: his Ethics. The regents and William III of Orange panicked as they feared that Spinoza was undermining their positions and, hence, harming their foreign politics and business interests. Also, he was setting a bad precedent. They decided to act. As he wouldn't desist, another "spontaneous" assassination or lynching was called for.

 

Baruch Spinoza died before the regents and the King could murder him

They acted too late. Spinoza, as always in very bad health, didn't need murder to die. His death wrong-footed the people in power. They thought they were off the hook. But despite ill health Spinoza had managed to finish his Ethics and to have the manuscript smuggled out of his house. Over the following decades Spinoza's work never stopped gaining momentum; and thus helped in creating the myth of the now much applauded Dutch freedom of the press and of Holland as the cradle of the Enlightenment.

Ever increasing control

Of course, over time things got less Calvinist, brute and grim. Politeness and civility came into fashion. But the Dutch never took their eyes off the ball: it was all about business interests and profits. This focus on power and profit was most visible in colonies such as Surinam and Indonesia. In fact, the single most famous book in modern Dutch literature, written by Multatuli in the 1880s, hovers around the theme of an individual, Max Havelaar, who, to his utter demise, criticised the extremely corrupt government of the colony of Indonesia. Multatuli barely survived the public outcry he caused.

The cry for control never ceased nor waned. In his erudite Religious Regimes: Dutch Religion and Society, 1570-1990 (Amsterdam, 1996) Peter van Rooden shows that during the 19th century the extensive social control even gained in intensity, and that the interconnection between Church, State and Commerce never faded but remained largely intact well into the 1970s. The process of ever increasing social control, which was only temporarily disrupted by the Second World War, is known under the Dutch term Dutch "verzuiling" — pillarization. Catholics, Protestants, Socialists and Liberals, they all had their own "pillar" of vertical linkage and social cohesion. At the top of the pillar the priests, reverends and party leaders decided on the formation of the Dutch government. This system led to "pillarized" schools, universities, radio and television. In fact, the entirety of Dutch life was highly pillarized and therefore easy to control. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw the first cracks. The "permissive society" appeared, but the system did not collapse until the mid 1980s.

One may well consider the 1990s as a period characterised by a power vacuum, a moment of uncertainty and chaos, in which power, again, changed hands from and to influential families, including the Oranges — who, in the person of the Calvinist Queen Beatrix saved a very big chunk of it for herself. Mr. Mertens and his researchers have shown that for centuries the number of powerful families has stood at ca. 200. Of course, old names have dropped out of sight and new ones have been added. But the practice of control by a few remains in place today (Mertens: The 200, The Hague 1968/1998). It is important to stress that the continuation of the concentration of power in the hands of the very few is frequently caused by endogamy. Illustrative are the recent marriages of a daughter of Hans van den Broek, the aforementioned Member of the State Council, with the third son of Queen Beatrix, and of a daughter of Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst, former Minister of Economics, with the second son of Queen Beatrix. The latter isn't too surprising: Brinkhorst has been Beatrix' lover for quite a while now.

Because of the unique power vacuum of the 1990s, the four years from 1998 to 2002 (which not by mere chance coincided with the rise and fall of Pim Fortuyn and his cry for reform) was the only period in parliamentary history when Christian parties were not part of the Cabinet, and the Socialists suddenly found themselves checked and balanced by the party of Democrats 1966 (D66) — the only party which was openly atheist and in favour of reform. (D66 dropped these battle cries after its founder and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Hans van Mierlo, became a Member of the State Council and the second man in command, Brinkhorst, married his daughter to the Orange dynasty.) Not surprisingly the Christian Democrat Party (CDA), regaining power in 2002, coined these years "the time of hedonism and uncontrolled freedom". During the elections of 2002, 2004 and 2006 Prime Minister Balkenende vowed "to turn back the clock, and to step away from the abuse of the freedom of expression which caused so much harm to our business interests". Balkenende did not attend Theo van Gogh's funeral, but went to a social gathering of imams in an Amsterdam mosque instead.

Not very nice

We're not a very nice people. Colonization, slavery, massive Nazi collaboration, condoning Apartheid, drugs trade: the list is endless, but quite successfully we have managed to window dress it all. But it's merely a facade, and we know it. We don't like the way we're governed. So the only moment ever in Dutch history when our opinion was asked via a referendum (which was pushed trough parliament by the party D66), we cried out "NO!!!". First and foremost this was not a no against the EU, but against the age-old regents system of dividing power. We're awful people, the ruthless reflex, the Calvinist need for exclusion, is always lurking in the dark. But there's intense remorse after committing the ugly sin. Pim Fortuyn received a magnificent funeral and was suddenly elevated to true philosophic heights. Theo van Gogh was commemorated with a gigantic statue which portrays a shouting face that is silenced. And Ayaan Hirsi Ali made sure that her flight to New York caused the fall of the Cabinet.

A history of massive Nazi collaboration. Dutch SS on parade

Also, the myth of the Dutch 17th century as being the cradle of Enlightenment and Freedom, and of the present Netherlands as being, the safe haven of liberty, is a very pleasant fiction. And when things do not really matter, which is most of the time, it is a story one could safely believe in. But it's important to realize that even if the Dutch Republic was the cradle of the Enlightenment, it never was the place where it was allowed to grow up.

The tragedy of the politician Geert Wilders is mainly threefold. Somehow along the line he forgot what the Dutch system of power is meant to accomplish: to protect our business; and keeping very good relationships with our Islamic partners is apparently our core business these days. Secondly, Wilders has never heard of "Tony's third law": "never underestimate the other guy's greed!" (Al Pacino in the movie Scarface). Pim Fortuyn was left unprotected just at the moment when he was about to win a massive victory during the 2002 elections. I credit his political opponents with enough Machiavellian motive not to be too sad about this extremely lucky coincidence. The fact that Wilders is a member of parliament and part of the establishment (he used to be a coming man in the Liberal Party (VVD) but left) infuriates his colleagues even more, and will speed up his expulsion. Thirdly and ever so sadly, Wilders probably believes the 17th century cradle myth to be true. However, our heritage is not Spinoza and his professed freedom. Our heritage is Providence, propaganda and social control: the one who deviates will not go unpunished. Geert Wilders attacks islam and the Koran from a historic and philosophic position that never existed. Spinoza was not murdered, but only because he died in time. I'm not sure if Geert Wilders will be that lucky.
 

The author is a Dutch historian educated at the University of Amsterdam, the EUI in Florence and UC Berkeley. He describes himself as an independent critic — for as long as it lasts.

This article appeared in March 2008 and is archived at
http://www.sappho.dk/why-spinoza-was-not-murdered.htm

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