THE RISE OF THE IRANIAN EMPIRE
by David Daoud
With the fall of Yemen to Iranian-backed rebels, the subordination of the Iraqi army to Iran-backed militias, and the continuing dominance of Iranian proxies in Syria and Lebanon,q it seems that a new empire has emerged—right under the nose of the United States.
Despite their ongoing failure to reach an agreement with Iran over its nuclear program, the White House seems to be satisfied with the current state of affairs in regard to the Islamic Republic. They appear to believe that all is well and getting progressively better. So much so that, in his latest State of the Union speech,[1] President Barack Obama said, "Diplomacy is at work with respect to Iran. ... We've halted the progress of its nuclear program and reduced its stockpile of nuclear material." He then vowed to "veto any new sanctions bills" that supposedly threaten to undo that progress.
The Americans aren't alone in this belief. French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius, UK Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond, German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs Frederica Mogherini recently published an op-ed[2] in The Washington Post opposing new sanctions. They claimed that these sanctions would encourage Iranian opponents of a comprehensive nuclear deal. "For the first time," they wrote, "we may have a real chance to resolve one of the world's longest standing security threats—and the chance to do it peacefully."
Unfortunately, the perception of progress in regard to Iran is entirely inaccurate. The West, it seems, has been taken in by Iranian misdirection, a skill at which the Islamic Republic excels. Iran has Western leaders preoccupied with its nuclear program and has convinced them that they are making progress on the issue. In fact, Iran is moving closer to producing a nuclear weapon, and the West has been steadily moving towards acceding to Iranian demands.
More importantly, however, with the world's attention fixated on Iran's nuclear program to the exclusion of everything else, we are ignoring an arguable more dangerous threat emanating from Tehran: The Islamic Republic has been using its regional proxy groups to steadily expand its influence and solidify its control over the Middle East, and this invisible conquest is an increasing threat to Western interests in the region and our regional allies.
THE WEST SEES NUCLEAR WEAPONS AS IRAN'S ULTIMATE GOAL. But the Islamic Republic is not so simple-minded. Nuclear weapons are only one aspect of a multi-faceted strategy aimed at achieving regional hegemony. Particularly since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq, Iran's expansionist policies have gone into overdrive. By supplying arms and training to various proxies helpful to its interests and using them to carry out terrorist campaigns around the Middle East and beyond, Iran has exponentially increased the region's instability and then taken advantage of the chaos. Through its Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force and its commander Qassem Soleimani, Iran has reached the point at which it practically controls four Arab capitals—Beirut, Damascus, Baghdad, and Sana'a, Yemen.
The Iranians have not been shy about the spread of their regional influence. Ali Reza Zakani, a member of Iran's parliament close to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, recently boasted,[3] "Three Arab capitals have already fallen into Iran's hands and belong to the Iranian Islamic Revolution," suggesting that Sana'a, Yemen is the fourth.[4] As a result, he said, Iran has now reached the stage of "Grand Jihad," and can impose its will on the entire region.
Hassan Salami, deputy commander of the IRGC, has echoed[5] Zakani's statement, saying Iran is "capable of controlling the political developments in the region without using military force and without a direct presence on the ground." The West, he said, has failed to isolate Iran and has been forced to reach out to Tehran for help. The United States, France, and Britain, he claimed, are "begging" Tehran to combat small Islamist organizations like ISIS, while "Iran is on the verge of reaching a new level of power. ... Today, our conflict with the West has expanded to the Mediterranean, and this indicates a change in the regional power equations, an increase in our power, and a narrowing of the range of our enemies' power."
Iran has been using its regional proxy groups to steadily expand its influence and solidify its control over the Middle East, an increasing threat to Western interests in the region and our regional allies.
Perhaps nothing has proven the veracity of Zakani and Salami's statements better than recent events in Yemen, which should have set off alarm bells in the West, but—possibly because they are unrelated to the nuclear issue—have not done so. Since last September, the Houthi militia (officially known as Ansar Allah), an Iranian proxy and ally of Hezbollah—their banner, incidentally, contains the slogans, "Death to America, Death to Israel, A curse upon the Jews"—has made increasing progress toward essentially taking over the country.
In effect, the Houthis[6] have launched a coup d'etat against the Yemeni government, a close ally of both the West and Saudi Arabia. Considering the Houthis' history, this turn of events is surprising only if one ignores Iran's role. The Houthis are Zaidi Shi'a Muslims. Zaidis were traditionally moderate and politically quietist, in addition to being the closest of the Shi'a schools to the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam. However, as has occurred with many traditionally quietist Shi'a groups, Iran's exportation of its Khomeinist Revolutionary ideals—in many ways at odds with traditional Shi'a Islam—have considerably shifted the Zaidis' traditionally moderate attitude.
After four days of fighting around the capital of Sana'a, Houthi gunmen took over the capital itself, along with the strategically important al-Hudaydah port on the Red Sea. The government was then forced to sign an agreement setting up a new administration amenable to Houthi demands. The agreement did not grant the Houthis direct rule over Yemen, but rather a decisive role in the new government. The Houthis promptly dismissed public officials and demanded control of certain ministries. They claimed this was an attempt to reform the political system; but it was, in fact, little more than a thinly veiled attempt to seize key positions of power. The agreement became a dead letter, however, when the Houthis seized control of the airport, the parliament, the central bank, and army headquarters, leaving pro-Western President Abd Rabbo Mansour al-Hadi essentially impotent. Having established themselves as the most powerful group in the capital, the Houthis have since acted as the country's main powerbroker. In early February, they went as far as dissolving parliament and declaring their control over the country.
While the extent of the Houthis' links to Iran is murky, U.S. and Saudi officials have accused[7] Iran of arming and funding them as a proxy force serving Iranian interests, while Houthi leaders have privately admitted as much. Danya Greenfield, a Yemen specialist at the Atlantic Council in Washington, said in an interview with Bloomberg News that she considered it[8] "reasonable to assume" that the Houthis enjoy "Iranian support and influence and guidance." Reports[9] have also surfaced indicating that Houthi fighters are being trained and armed in Iran.
Houthi flag. The lines read, "God is great, Death to America, Death to Israel, A curse upon the Jews, Victory to Islam." (Takahara Osaka/Wikimedia)
Before the latest round of fighting broke out, the Yemeni government arrested Hezbollah and IRGC members aiding the Houthis, many of whom were released after the group took over the capital. In mid-2014, for example, Yemen arrested a number of Hezbollah operatives on charges of training Houthi fighters. Hezbollah is, of course, an Iranian proxy. The charges were corroborated by reports[10] indicated that Hezbollah's Unit 3800, whose corollary Unit 1800 collaborates with Palestinian groups, was involved in the training programs.
Videos of Houthi training camps have shown individuals resembling Iranian-backed fighters in Lebanon, and since the battle between the Houthis and the government began, Yemen has accused Iran and Hezbollah of aiding[11] the rebels. In fact, the Yemeni government has been making this accusation for years, and has even charged Hezbollah with establishing the Houthis' Al-Masira radio station. If true, this would be a major development, considering the success of Hezbollah propaganda outlets like Al-Manar and Al-Nour.
On January 23, 2013, Yemen intercepted the Jihan-1, an Iranian ship carrying weapons to the Houthis. The shipment included 122-mm rockets, 20 shoulder-fired MANPADS, 100 bombs and RPG launchers, Iranian- and Russian-made night vision goggles, silencers for automatic weapons, large quantities of RDX plastic explosives, electronic equipment for the production and activation of IEDs, monitoring equipment, and an assortment of other weaponry. Since then, the IRGC-QF has strengthened its direct presence in Yemen with Hezbollah's help, enabling it to smuggle weapons and drugs from Iran to Yemeni ports, and from there via the Red Sea to terror organizations it supports in the Middle East, North Africa, and even Europe. The Houthi takeover of the Al-Hudaydah port, and their seeming intention to take the Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, further facilitates these activities.
Fighting in Sana'a flared up again in recent weeks, and in the worst violence to hit the Yemeni capital since the Houthis overran it in September, the group clashed with Yemeni forces near the presidential palace, surrounded the prime minister's residence, and, on January 19, seized control of Yemen's state news agency and television station.
They also abducted President Hadi's chief of staff, Ahmed Awad bin Mubarak, in response to the release of a draft constitution they opposed,[12] because it would have divided the country into six federal states, weakening Houthi—and thus, Iranian—political influence. A ceasefire went into effect on the evening of the 19th, allowing President Hadi and Houthi representatives to hold negotiations the next day. Hadi, of course, conceded to Houthi demands and accepted a power-sharing deal with them. He even agreed to amend the constitution in accordance with their wishes. Days later, Hadi and his government resigned, leaving a power vacuum in which the Houthis have become de facto rulers of the capital.
While the wider implications of the events in Yemen have yet to resonate with Western leaders, the Gulf States are rightly worried. The Iranians, for their part, understood the import of the Houthi takeover and voiced their approval. Ali Akbar Velayati, Supreme Leader Khamenei's international affairs adviser and president of the Expediency Council's Center for Strategic Studies Research, expressed the Islamic Republic's support[13] for the "rightful struggles of the Ansar Allah in Yemen, and considers this movement as part of the materialization of the Islamic movements."
VELAYATI ALSO NOTED[14] THAT, IN LIGHT OF THEIR VICTORY, the Houthis would now play a role in Yemen similar to that of Hezbollah in Lebanon. This is an apt comparison, since Iran likely intends to use its proxy control of Yemen in the same way as its control of Hezbollah, which gives it a de facto border with the Jewish state. Velayati made this explicit by saying that, due to the strategic location of the Bab Al-Mandeb Straits, "the road to freeing Palestine passes from Yemen." Control of the Straits would allow Iran to cut off Israel's trade routes to Asia via the Red Sea, and facilitate Iran's ability to smuggle weapons to Hamas and other proxies without having to worry about Israeli naval patrols.
In addition to being a strategic nightmare for the Israelis, Iranian control of the Bab Al-Mandeb would also strangle the Gulf states. Along with the de facto control Iran already exercises over the straits of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf, it would have the Gulf states' shipping outlets surrounded, which could then be used to destabilize the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. The Iranians themselves have confirmed their ambitions in regard to Saudi Arabia. Ali Reza Zakani stated in September that the effects of the upheaval in Yemen would "permeate deeply into the Saudi Kingdom" and "the turn of Saudi Arabia will inevitably come."
The Iranians have long sought to control strategic Arab waterways as part of their regional strategy, as economist Mohamed Abdo Absi noted[15] in an interview with the pan-Arab newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat. The Bab Al-Mandeb port is particularly important, because "three million barrels of oil per day" pass through it. Absi added that a Houthi takeover of the Strait would be catastrophic for the countries that use it, "with the Arab Gulf states being most hard-hit, since they would be under the mercy of Iran." Controlling the economic lifelines of the Gulf states would allow the Iranians to force the oil sheikhdoms to fall in line with its regional strategy or risk destabilization and collapse.
The Houthis may now play a role in Yemen similar to that of Hezbollah in Lebanon, with the added difficulty of controlling a major international waterway.
Simon Henderson, the Baker Fellow and director of the Gulf and Energy Policy Program at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, pointed out[16] the detrimental implications of this for the Saudis, whose fears have been heightened by the fall of their major allies in the Yemeni government, as well as "the sense that the success of the Houthis, who have previously received support from Iran, will be perceived as a strategic advance for Tehran." He added that, if the Houthis succeed in catalyzing the secession of southern Yemen, "It could make the strategic Bab Al-Mandeb Strait connecting the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean more lawless. For Saudi Arabia, the events in Sana'a mean Riyadh must increasingly cope with ... Shiite Houthi forces—in Saudi terms, Iranian proxies—to the south."
The Saudis have not been silent[17] about their concerns. Abdullah al-Askar, chairman of the foreign affairs committee of Saudi Arabia's appointed Shoura council, has expressed his country's fear that Iran will tempt the West with the prospect of concessions on its nuclear program in order to convince it to turn a blind eye to Iran's regional machinations. "I'm worrying about giving Iran more space or a freer hand in the region," he said in an interview with Reuters. Askar noted that the "government of Iran, month after month, has proven that it has an ugly agenda in the region, and in this regard, no one in the region will sleep and assume things are going smoothly."
Robert Jordan, a former U.S. ambassador to Riyadh, in that same Reuters article that the Saudis could be even more worried about Iran gaining regional influence than its development of a nuclear bomb. A nuclear deal "may relieve the Saudis of having to worry they would have to counter a nuclear threat from Iran, but it doesn't counter their geopolitical worries, which may be more profound."
EVENTS IN YEMEN HAVE SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS[18] FOR THE WEST as well. The Bab Al-Mandeb's geographical position makes it a strategic link between Eastern and Western trade routes. Considering the West's demonstrated distaste for a confrontation with Iran, a direct or proxy Iranian presence on one of the West's key trade routes to Asia could put Europe at Iran's mercy. Iranian control over the waterway and the Straits of Hormuz would also allow Iran to control oil shipments to the West, a situation the Iranians would be sure to exploit to their advantage.
The events in Yemen also pose a challenge to U.S. counterterrorism policy. Since 2011, the United States has provided Yemen with nearly $1 billion in economic, military, and humanitarian aid, due to the country's important role in fighting terrorism. Hadi's resignation is both a setback for the United States vis-à-vis Iran, but a strategic blow[19] to the fight against Al-Qaeda in Yemen. As The Wall Street Journal noted,[20] "The US has depended upon Mr. Hadi in its efforts to keep Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, or AQAP, in check." Though the Houthis are also fighting AQAP, there is no confluence of American and Houthi interests. Houthi victories accrue to Iran's advantage, not to that of the United States, and the Houthis are opposed in principle to U.S. counterterrorism policies in Yemen.
TEHRAN'S REACH DOES NOT END IN YEMEN. Since the collapse of Saddam Hussein's regime, and increasingly after the American withdrawal from Iraq in 2011, Iran has been more and more brazen about its control of Iraq via Shi'a proxies. Exploiting the rise of ISIS and Western fears of the Islamist terror group, Iran has used the pretense of fighting ISIS as an excuse to solidify and entrench its control over Iraq. As al-Hosseini was careful to point out, Iran controls Iraq, and has done so for quite some time. Through the careful use of its proxy militias and Shi'a Iraqis loyal to Tehran, Iran now exercises decisive control over Baghdad.
Iraq's current prime minister, Haider al-Abadi, for example, is a Shi'ite with very close ties to Iran. The transportation minister, Hadi al-Amiri, is unabashedly pro-Iranian,[22] has been pictured together with the IRGC-QF's Soleimani both in Amerli[23] and at Jurf al-Sakher,[24] and in a recent TV interview proclaimed,[25] "I believe in the principle of velayet-e faqih, the absolute rule of the supreme jurist, as it currently exists in Iran." As head of the Badr Organization—a paramilitary organization that has reconstituted itself as a political party—he secured[26] the appointment of a junior member of the group to the position of interior minister. This gave al-Amiri, and thus Iran, control over the ministry, a key piece of Iraq's security apparatus that controls the federal police and intelligence agencies, and has an arms procurement budget rivaling that of the defense ministry. During his stint as transportation minister, al-Amiri allowed Iranian over-flights that supplied[27] Syrian regime leader Bashar al-Assad with weapons.
Haider al-Abadi, the prime minister of Iraq, has close ties with the Iranian government (British Foreign and Commonwealth Office/Wikimedia)
Beyond carefully placed individuals in Baghdad's government, Iran also operates a large and swiftly growing number of proxy Shi'a militias. Phillip Smyth of the Washington Institute noted in an article in Foreign Policy that Iraq contains a growing number of these militias,[28] "many of which have deep ideological and organizational links to Iran, [and they] are sweeping away what is left of any notion of the Baghdad government's authority." There are over 50 of these militias and, according to Smyth, Iran has led the way in developing these "highly ideological, anti-American, and rabidly sectarian organizations."
Smyth has done a superb job chronicling[29] their activities,[30] and believes that, while not all of them are ideologically subservient to Iran, most of them are. Under the guise of combating ISIS, they are gradually taking over the country, and if they succeed in establishing control over the Shi'a areas of Iraq, it will give Iran control over oil-rich southern Iraq and the Iraq-Saudi Arabia pipeline. It will also give Iran a de facto border with Saudi Arabia. If the Iranians intend to use that border in the way they have used Hezbollah's control of Lebanon's border with Israel, then the Saudis have good reason to worry.
TEHRAN HAS ALSO EXTENDED AND ENTRENCHED ITS CONTROL OVER SYRIA, a country which is instrumental[31] to Iran's regional strategy. In a recent interview[32] with Foreign Affairs, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad made the dubious claim that "Iran doesn't have any ambitions in Syria. ... We would never allow any country to influence our sovereignty. We wouldn't accept it, and the Iranians don't want it either." The facts do not bear this out. Iran is very involved in Syria, and the country has increasingly fallen under Tehran's sway. Tony Badran, a research fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, noted[33] in a column for the Lebanese news website NOW that "for some time now, the Assad regime has been a wholly-owned subsidiary of Tehran." He added[34] that Assad's reassertion of control over all of Syria will not be a return to the state of affairs as they existed before the Syrian civil war, but will come with far-increased Iranian involvement and influence. Whereas former president Hafez Assad kept Iran at arm's length and managed the relationship between the two countries on a more equal footing, a defected general has charged that Bashar has "sold Syria to the Iranians."
He is quite correct. The truth is that Assad relies on Tehran for cash, advice, and the training of paramilitary fighters. Indeed, Assad has been increasingly relying on Iran and its proxies to essentially fight his war against Sunnis Islamists operating in the country for him. Iran's proxy Hezbollah has been involved in the Syrian civil war virtually from the beginning, and has been instrumental in turning the course of battle in Assad's favor, particularly in the key battle of Qusayr. Matthew Levitt and Aaron Zelin of the Washington Institute noted[35] that Hezbollah's gunmen "fought house to house, suffered losses and played the decisive role in turning the tide against anti-Assad rebels who ultimately lost the town." And Hezbollah shows no signs of ending its involvement. It has even imported two militias it helped establish in Iraq, Kata'ib Hezbollah and Asa'ib Ahl Al-Haq, to help shore up Assad's control. In May 2013, Hezbollah's Secretary General, Hassan Nasrallah, said of his group's involvement in Syria, "We will continue along the road, bear the responsibilities and sacrifices. The battle is ours, and I promise you victory."
Hezbollah's involvement—and the involvement of Iran's other proxies—in Syria serves Iran in three ways. First, it prevents the collapse of Iran's hard-won "Shi'a Crescent" of puppet states by preserving the Assad regime. Second, it maintains Iran's direct land route to Hezbollah, the most successful export of the Iranian Revolution and the vanguard of Iran's regional strategy. Assad has allowed Iran to ship arms to Hezbollah through Syria virtually unhindered, and his support has been so instrumental to Hezbollah's survival that Nasrallah called[36] Syria the "backbone of the resistance and the support of the resistance," noting that it would be "stupid" of Hezbollah to sit idly by as its Syrian supporter is gradually defeated. Finally, Hezbollah's involvement prevents Syria from falling to hostile Sunni Islamist forces, which could threaten Iran's hold over Iraq and strangle Hezbollah in Lebanon.
Iran has not entirely outsourced its involvement in Syria to its proxies, however. In a recent interview with Der Spiegel, General Amir Ali Hajizadeh, Commander of the IRGC's Aerospace Force, said that Khamenei ordered his forces to build and operate missile plants in Syria, a claim which Assad did not deny. In particular, the widely reported January 18 airstrike on Amal Farms in the Syrian Golan Heights—universally attributed to Israel despite a lack of official comment—exposed Iranian involvement in the area. The strike killed six Hezbollah fighters only days after the Iranian proxy denied having any presence in the area. Among those killed was the IRGC-QF's Mohammad Ali Allahdadi, who had a long-standing relationship with IRGC-QF commander Qassem Soleimani, and was, in effect, the IRGC liaison officer to Syrian intelligence and supervisor of weapons shipments from Iran to Hezbollah. Another killed was Jihad Mughniyeh,[37] son of the notorious Hezbollah leader Imad Mughniyeh, who was also very close with Soleimani. Sources indicated[38] that Jihad had recently[39] been appointed as Hezbollah's commander responsible for the Golan, and "stood at the head of a wide-scale terrorist infrastructure with direct sponsorship from Iran and direct connection to Hezbollah." Mohammad Issa,[40] a senior Hezbollah commander responsible for operations in Syria and Iraq, was also killed in the attack. Shimon Shapira, a senior research associate at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, pointed out[41] that "an additional Iranian by the name of Assadi, who was, in all likelihood, the commander of the Iranian expeditionary forces in Syria" was among the casualties as well. And finally, Abu Ali al-Tabatabai—variously billed[42] as either an Iranian general or a Hezbollah operative—was present. According to some sources, he was killed. However, one Hezbollah source has denied[43] this. According to Shapira, Tabatabai, together with Jihad Mughniyeh, was in charge of the IRGC-QF's Golan operations.
According to Western intelligence sources, the presence of such high-ranking individuals suggests that Iran and Hezbollah are trying to expand their presence into the Golan, which had fallen out of Assad's control, in order[44] to carry out operations[45] against Israel—including[46] kidnappings, rocket attacks, and other assaults on military and civilian targets. Badran said[47] that "the Iranians have been looking to lay down military infrastructure in the Golan, and to establish it as [another] active front against Israel."
Iran and Hezbollah seem to be trying to merge the Golan with their stronghold in southern Lebanon, melding them into a single front. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah confirmed[48] that this was his group's objective in a January 30 speech at which Alaeddin Bouroujerdi, head of the Iranian parliament's National Security and Foreign Policy Committee, was present. That top-ranking IRGC and Hezbollah officers were in the area indicates the importance Iran is attaching to that objective. Establishing an active ground presence in the Golan and turning this usually quiet border into a new front against Israel will further encircle the Jewish state, allowing Iran to fight Israel far from Iran's own borders.
IN RECENT YEARS, SOME HAVE SPECULATED THAT IRAN WAS COMING VERY CLOSE to losing its grip on Lebanon. In the past, the country's lack of social cohesion, weak army, and fractured government allowed Iran to use Lebanon as a pawn in its quest for regional hegemony.
For a time, it worked. After the Taif Accords officially ended Lebanon's bloody civil war and stripped all sectarian militias of their weapons, Hezbollah made sure to hold on to its arsenal under the guise of resisting Israel's occupation of south Lebanon. But with the unilateral IDF withdrawal in May of 2000, many Lebanese began questioning Hezbollah's need to maintain and upgrade an arsenal that dwarfed that of the Lebanese army. As a result, Hezbollah began to claim that its "resistance" was still necessary in order to expel Israel from the disputed Sheba'a Farms area.
In the years that followed, however, Hezbollah made a series of errors that eroded its domestic legitimacy. In the wake of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri's assassination, Hezbollah sided with the Syrian regime suspected of killing him. It unilaterally launched the 2006 war against Israel that devastated Lebanon. In 2008, it turned its guns on its fellow Lebanese, occupying Beirut when the government ordered the removal of Hezbollah's surveillance systems in the city's airport. It refused[49] to cooperate with the Special Tribunal for Lebanon's investigation into the Hariri assassination or hand over[50] its members suspected of involvement in the killing. Most recently, Hezbollah dragged Lebanon into another unnecessary engagement by allying with the Assad regime in the Syrian civil war, inviting retaliation by Sunni militants within Lebanon itself.
Yet, just when Hezbollah seemed like it was about to lose its grip over Lebanon, it managed to exploit the rise of ISIS in order to regain favor with the Lebanese people. According to Nicholas Blanford of the Christian Science Monitor, [51]"The perceived danger by [ISIS] has even dampened the long-running and bitterly divisive battle in Lebanon on the fate of Hezbollah's formidable military." This is because a growing number of Lebanese, across the confessional divides, now believe that Hezbollah is the only force capable of standing between them and the ISIS onslaught. They see Hezbollah as the lesser of two evils, and this has been just enough to put Lebanon back in Iran's grip.
Blanford quotes Rita Sfeir, a Lebanese Christian woman, as saying, "I used to be against Hezbollah keeping weapons and wanted them to hand them to the Lebanese Army. Now I am more concerned about the Islamic State and I'm thinking at least Hezbollah has weapons to defend us from those butchers."
Sensing the opportunity to once again become part of the "Lebanese consensus," Hezbollah has played[52] up its ability to successfully confront ISIS, and its propaganda organs work overtime[53] to heighten[54] existing fears of support for the group among the growing Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations in Lebanon. These efforts seem to be paying off.
The Iran-backed terror organization Hezbollah has exploited the rise of ISIS in order to regain favor with the Lebanese people.
Capitalizing on this change in domestic sentiment, Hezbollah has resurrected its Lebanese Resistance Brigades, established in 1988 for non-Shi'a Lebanese who wanted to fight Israel. Reports indicate that even Sunnis have begun to join the Brigades. An article in Al-Monitor[55] described Suleiman, a 27-year-old Sunni from South Lebanon who joined the Brigades and recently participated in one of its training programs. Suleiman said he was ready to do whatever is necessary to prevent ISIS from entering Lebanon, because "the danger of [ISIS] threatens everyone." He said that dozens of young men from different sectarian backgrounds were present at the training camp.
Considering the lack of support[56] for ISIS among Lebanese of all sects, Rita and Suleiman's views may well represent an increasingly large section of their respective communities. Thus, if Hezbollah plays its cards right, it may once again come to be viewed as Lebanon's savior.
Two recent incidents also indicate that Hezbollah may be regaining its strategic position in Lebanon. Last October, for the first time since the end of the Second Lebanon War in 2006, Hezbollah felt domestically secure enough to openly admit to carrying out an attack against an Israeli patrol in the disputed Har Dov/Sheba'a Farms region. By taking responsibility for the attack, Hezbollah knew it was inviting a potential Israeli response, and it would not have been so brazen had it not felt that its domestic and strategic positions were stable.
Apparently, Hezbollah does not think it is spread too thin because of its involvement in Syria, or that its position in Lebanon is precarious. In short, Hezbollah feels it is in Lebanon to stay, and can now openly challenge Israel again. As Hezbollah deputy leader Sheikh Naim Qassem stated[57] in an interview on the Lebanese TV station OTV, "We want to tell the Israelis that we are ready and that there is no way they can assault us while we stand by and watch," adding that Hezbollah would not limit itself to tit-for-tat attacks, but has the "right to carry out operations against Israel when and where we see fit."
The second attack came in response to Israel's January 18 airstrike on the Golan. After the strike, it was certain that Hezbollah would respond. Its leadership issued stern threats, and its propaganda machine churned out a nasheed[58] memorial song in honor of Jihad Mughniyeh, with the lines, "I am Jihad, son of the General [Al Imad, a play on Imad Mughniyeh's name]. My blood shall eliminate you, Israel. The army of the oppressors should be ready, for the terror is coming to the Galilee."
Iran issued its own threats against Israel. General Ali Jaafari, commander of the IRGC, said[59] that the "Zionists" should expect a "destructive" response and "devastating thunderbolts," reiterating[60] the IRGC's commitment "to the annihilation of the Zionist regime." IRGC deputy commander Hassan Salami added[61] on January 22 that his troops are capable of firing Shahab-3 missiles at Israel, which should await "crushing responses."
Despite promising[62] not to attack Israel from within Lebanese territory, Hezbollah launched[63] a two-pronged attack[64] against the IDF on January 28. Hezbollah operatives fired a swarm of five or six Kornet anti-tank missiles at an Israeli military convoy near the Lebanese border, killing two soldiers and injuring seven others. Soon after, mortar shells were launched[65] from Syria at IDF positions on Mount Dov and Mount Hermon. This occurred a day after two rockets exploded in the northern Golan Heights; according to an Israeli security source, they were fired by Hezbollah. Hezbollah spared no time in assuming responsibility for the attack, attributing it to its "Quneitra Martyrs Brigades"—referring to the Hezbollah and IRGC operatives killed in Israel's January 18 strike—before sending a message to the Israelis through the United Nations that it was not interested in further escalation. Hezbollah said the incidents were "eye for an eye" revenge attacks.
Though Hezbollah certainly carried out the attacks, the orders came from Tehran. At a commemoration for General Mohammad Allahdadi, Salami said, "We tell [the Israelis] to await retaliation, but we will decide about its timing, place, and the strength." In fact, the Iranians felt so confident that Hossein Amir Abdollahian, Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister, said[66] he had "told the Americans that the leaders of the Zionist regime should await the consequences of their acts." State Department spokesperson Jen Psaki denied that the United States had received any such threats.
In the wake of the attacks, Hezbollah did come in for some domestic criticism[67], some of which pointed out the group's subservience to Iran. Lebanese MP Ahmad Fatfat of the secular-Sunni Future Movement, for example, said[68] that Lebanon's interests had been subjugated to those of Iran: "Fear of war between Hezbollah and Israel exists after [Hezbollah] showed no concern [for] Lebanese interests as it implements an Iranian agenda." He added that Jaafari's remarks "threaten to drag Lebanon into a war" with Israel, showing that "Lebanon and Syria are under Iranian tutelage," and "Hezbollah is prioritizing Iranian interests above Lebanese interests."
Hezbollah's latest attack bears many similarities[69] to the attack that precipitated the Second Lebanon War in 2006. Hezbollah had little guarantees that further escalations would not occur, particularly after the killing of two IDF soldiers. Hezbollah was willing to risk a war with Israel—which Nasrallah made clear[70] in his January 30 speech—speaking volumes to its standing in Lebanon, and by extension Iran's stranglehold on the Land of the Cedars.
IRAN'S REGIONAL EXPANSION DOES NOT END WITH IRAQ, SYRIA, YEMEN, AND LEBANON. It also extends into the Palestinian territories. Indeed, considering the presence of Iranian proxies in the West Bank, Iran may have had played a role in last year's outbreak of Palestinian violence. In late August, Iran stated[71] that it was stepping up its efforts to arm West Bank Palestinians, with Nasser Suedani, the president of the Iranian parliament's Palestine Committee, saying,[72] "Destroying Israel will only be possible by arming Palestinians ... in the occupied West Bank. ... The death of the occupier is near and Tehran backs this." At the International Congress on Extremists and Takfiri Orientations from the Viewpoint of Islamic Scholars, Supreme Leader Khamenei said,[73] "All Palestinian areas have to be armed. ... We looked at our main goal and we offered help. ... We will continue to do that. ... The West Bank should be armed like Gaza and be prepared for defense." Salami of the IRGC said[74] that Iran will help the Palestinians turn the West Bank into Israel's hell. Mohammad Reza Naqdi, chief of Iran's Basij milita, stated, "Arming the West Bank has started and weapons will be supplied to the people of the region. The Zionists should know that the next war won't be confined to the present borders and the Mujahideen will push them back."
It is interesting that this statement came from the Basij's commander. The Basij is the IRGC's auxiliary militia, drawn from the civilian population, raising the question of whether the Iranians are setting up similar auxiliary groups in the West Bank. This would be in keeping with the phased plan for Israel's destruction often repeated[75] and recently[76] tweeted[77] by Khamenei[78].
Iran also exercises considerable control over Gaza. Palestinian Islamic Jihad, for example, has sworn fealty to Iran's Supreme Leader and is wholly subservient to his dictates. More importantly, Iran has been a major supplier of military and financial aid to Hamas. And while much has been made of a "cooling" of relations between Iran and Hamas since the Syrian civil war broke out, this is an overstatement. Michael Doran, now a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute, has noted[79] the "indispensable role" played by Iran in "building Hamas's military machine" during last summer's Operation Protective Edge, and stated that Iran "egged Hamas on against Israel." Recently, Mousa Abu Marzouk, Hamas' deputy leader, laid rest[80] to any claim of a rift between Iran and Hamas, saying, "I believe that bilateral relations between us and the Islamic Republic of Iran are back on track." This came one week after a Hamas delegation visited Iran.
An Iranian proxy group has targeted Israel from the north, while other groups target Israel from the south and west.
The Iranians themselves admitted[81] to arming Hamas in its last war with Israel. Head of the Palestine Committee Nasser al-Suedani said that Iran considers Hamas the vanguard of its fight against Israel. IRGC commander Jaafari admitted[82] that his forces supplied Hamas with the technology needed to develop Fajr-5 missiles capable of reaching Tel Aviv, despite the Israeli Navy's blockade of the Strip. Velayati, Khamenei's advisor, gave an interview last summer to Al-Alam, confirming[83] that Iran supplied most of Hamas' weapons and provided them with the ability to manufacture more of them. Hamas' leaders said as much themselves during the summer. At a rally last December, Abu Ubaida, spokesman for Hamas' Qassam Brigades, praised[84] Iran and thanked it for the weapons, funds, missiles, and other aid which contributed to Hamas' "victory" over Israel. And most recently, Hamas leader Mahmoud Zahar appeared[85] on the Hezbollah TV station Al-Manar, asking Iran to provide his movement with additional funds and weapons to "destroy the Israeli occupation," and that Hamas was ready to cooperate with Iran, "for the sake of Palestine."
More recently, top Hamas terrorist Mohammad Deif publicly confirmed that he was not killed in the Gaza war by sending a letter to Hassan Nasrallah, conveying[86] his condolences over the "martyrs" killed in Israel's Golan airstrike and calling for "all of the forces of the resistance [to] band together and unite against the Zionist enemy and its accomplices." Al-Manar reported that Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh sent a similar letter, signaling fully restored relations between Hamas and Iran. These letters were the latest of many indications[87] that Hamas and Hezbollah were ready to cooperate to fight Israel.[88]
With Gaza, the West Bank, its presence in south Lebanon, and the new front it is attempting to open on the Golan Heights, Iran's strategy appears to be the encirclement[89] of Israel, creating an unbroken ring around Israeli territory from which rockets can be fired. Salami has emphasized[90] that, under such circumstances, Israel can no longer enjoy any security, because the entire "occupied Palestinian territory" is now within range of Hezbollah and Hamas' missiles.
TAKEN TOGETHER, THESE DEVELOPMENTS PAINT A PICTURE OF AN UNSTOPPABLE IRANIAN ADVANCE in the region. In the span of four years, the Islamic Republic has succeeded in virtually surrounding Israel, the Saudis, and other Gulf states, and now poses a serious danger to other Western allies like Jordan and Egypt.
Yet despite the obvious dangers presented by Iran's rapid expansion, there are those, like prominent Harvard professor Stephen Walt, who forcefully argue[91] that concern over the issue is simple "hyperventilating" from the "usual alarmists." In regard to the Houthi takeover, for example, Walt claimed that "what's happening in Yemen isn't critical to US security." Walt would likely extend his argument to other countries where Iran is solidifying its grip, and many Western decision-makers no doubt share his views.
Whether they do or not, there is no question that the West has done little or nothing to stop Iran's expansionist policies. This disturbing lack of action from the West can be explained by two erroneous beliefs held by Western leaders.
The first is the belief that Iran and its proxies are fighting Sunni Islamists like ISIS and AQAP, which are hostile to the United States and other Western countries, leading to the erroneous view that Iran's policies are an asset to the West's counterterrorism strategy.
The second is that the West views the spread of Iran's direct and proxy influence in the region as separate from Tehran's quest for nuclear weapons. But the nuclear issue is only one aspect of Iran's quest for regional hegemony. Nuclear weapons play a limited—albeit very important—part of this strategy. As Henry Kissinger noted in his book World Order,
In Iran, the nuclear issue was treated as one aspect of a general struggle over regional order and ideological supremacy, fought in a range of arenas and territories with methods spanning the spectrum of war and peace—military and paramilitary operations, diplomacy, formal negotiation, propaganda, political subversion—in fluid and mutually reinforcing combination.
Until the leaders of the West understand this, they will remain bogged down in an endless game of nuclear negotiations, imposing strict deadlines that are never met, then extending those deadlines again and again. Iran will thus continue buying more and more time to pursue its goal of regional hegemony and, in doing so, further destabilize the region, picking off one Western-allied country after another. Unless it is stopped by firm and resolute action, Iran will continue down this path, causing serious and potentially permanent damage to both Western interests and the stability of the Middle East as a whole.
Footnotes
[1] http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/21/us/politics/obamas-state-of-the-union-2015-address.html
[2] http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/on-irans-nuclear-programs-give-diplomacy-a-chance/2015/01/21/0cdb4dcc-a185-11e4-b146-577832eafcb4_story.html
[3] http://jcpa.org/article/iran-sanaa-yemen/?utm_content=buffer54759&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer
[4] http://www.thetower.org/1195-iranian-official-in-yemen-we-captured-our-fourth-arab-capital/
[5] http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/81335408/
[6] http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29319423
[7] http://www.wsj.com/articles/militiamen-seize-yemen-presidential-palace-1421754740
[8] http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NE5QBZ6S972U01-0F5CR7GOD9964U7MVS83E8TGHD
[9] http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/yemen-crisis-spells-trouble-in-saudi-arabias-backyard
[10] http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/hezbollah-in-iraq-a-little-help-can-go-a-long-way#sthash.0fwlsxkV.dpuf%20)
[11] http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/yemen-frees-hizbollah-and-revolutionary-guard-prisoners#sthash.0fwlsxkV.dpuf
[12] http://www.wsj.com/articles/militiamen-seize-yemen-presidential-palace-1421754740
[13] http://www.kayhan.ir/files/en/publication/pages/1393/7/26/137_1084.pdf
[14] http://www.baharannews.ir/fa/news/21497/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AF
[15] http://www.aawsat.net/2014/10/article55337321
[16] http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/coup-in-yemen-saudi-arabias-nightmare
[17] http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/11/24/iran-nuclear-saudi-fears-idUKL5N0J907Y20131124
[18] http://jcpa.org/article/iran-sanaa-yemen/?utm_content=buffer54759&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer
[19] http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/yemen-chaos-threatens-us-counterterror-efforts-including-drone-program/2015/01/22/4ab157c8-a26f-11e4-903f-9f2faf7cd9fe_story.html?tid=pm_world_pop
[20] http://www.wsj.com/articles/militiamen-seize-yemen-presidential-palace-1421754740
[21] http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4530.htm
[22] http://jihadology.net/2013/06/25/hizballah-cavalcade-breaking-badr-is-iraqs-badr-organization-operating-in-syria/
[23] http://rajanews.com/detail.asp?id=202309
[24] http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iraqs-victory-over-militants-in-sunni-town-underlines-challenges-government-faces/2014/10/29/c53c4886-6f61-4567-904a-918060f6f2f5_story.html
[25] http://en.qantara.de/content/irans-foreign-policy-in-yemen-and-iraq-arab-fear-of-the-extended-arm-of-iran
[26] http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/11/06/breaking_badr_organization_iraq_shiite_miiitia_brutal_islamic_state_amiri_abadi?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Flashpoints&utm_campaign=2014_FlashPoints%2011%2F6RS
[27] http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/11/06/breaking_badr_organization_iraq_shiite_miiitia_brutal_islamic_state_amiri_abadi
[28] http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/kataib-al-imam-ali-portrait-of-an-iraqi-shiite-militant-group-fighting-isis
[29] http://jihadology.net/hizballah-cavalcade/
[30] http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-shiite-jihad-in-syria-and-its-regional-effects
[31] http://jcpa.org/article/iran-hizbullah-syria-front/
[32] http://www.foreignaffairs.com/discussions/interviews/syrias-president-speaks
[33] https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentary/564717-one-small-israeli-strike-one-very-big-strategic-game
[34] https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentaryanalysis/552197-the-devil-you-dont-know
[35] https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/hizb-allahs-gambit-in-syria
[36] http://video.moqawama.org/details.php?cid=1&linkid=1184
[37] http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4616487,00.html
[38] http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4616487,00.html
[39] http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.637698
[40] http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2915635/Israel-kills-son-Hezbollahs-late-military-chief-Syria-Hezbollah-sources.html
[41] http://jcpa.org/attack-golan-irans-along-israels-borders/
[42] http://www.altaharri.net/khas-altaharri-com/nida2-nas/34479-mtv
[43] http://www.altaharri.net/khas-altaharri-com/nida2-nas/34479-mtv
[44] http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-said-to-send-calming-messages-to-iran-via-russia/
[45] http://www.timesofisrael.com/strike-in-syria-targeted-new-iran-backed-terror-unit-that-planned-kidnappings/
[46] http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.637698
[47] http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.637698
[48] http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Nasrallah-confirms-Hezbollah-Iran-bolstering-presence-along-Golan-border-389523
[49] http://www.fpri.org/articles/2011/08/hezbollah-trial-lebanese-reactions-un-special-tribunals-indictments
[50] http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/hariri-or-harakiri-indictments-come-at-key-moment-for-hezbollah-s-nasrallah-a-773913.html
[51] http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2014/0917/Hezbollah-warily-lines-up-with-Great-Satan-to-fight-against-IS
[52] http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Sep-09/270087-hezbollah-downplays-isis-threat-says-army-and-resistance-will-prevail.ashx#axzz3GsyP5k2F
[53] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_LifnaoaU8
[54] http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=56857
[55] http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/lebanon-islamic-state-caliphate.html
[56] http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/isis-has-almost-no-popular-support-in-egypt-saudi-arabia-or-lebanon
[57] http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Oct-07/273281-border-blast-linked-to-killing-of-hezbollah-expert.ashx#axzz3FuI1ehus
[58] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys2XzNzRRgg
[59] http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.638081
[60] http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Iranian-Revolutionary-Guard-chief-Israel-should-expect-destructive-thunderbolts-388332
[61] http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-increasing-presence-in-North-in-move-to-prepare-for-potential-Hezbollah-attacks-388588
[62] http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Hezbollah-promised-not-to-avenge-Israeli-attack-from-Lebanese-soil-388793
[63] http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/New-details-emerge-At-least-5-Kornet-missiles-fired-in-Hezbollah-ambush-of-IDF-soldiers-389300
[64] http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4620268,00.html
[65] http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/IDF-forces-conduct-searches-near-Lebanon-border-after-explosions-heard-in-area-389252
[66] http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4620015,00.html
[67] http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4620415,00.html
[68] http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Hezbollah-reprisal-threats-against-Israel-has-Lebanon-on-edge-388571
[69] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5179434.stm
[70] http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2015/Jan-30/285857-qunaitra-strike-revealed-lebanese-syrian-iranian-unity-nasrallah.ashx
[71] http://www.timesofisrael.com/iranian-supreme-leader-calls-for-israels-annihilation/
[72] http://alresalah.ps/ar/index.php?act=post&id=105585
[73] http://english.khamenei.ir/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1985
[74] http://www.presstv.com/detail/2014/11/30/388141/west-bank-to-turn-into-israels-hell/
[75] http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/4366.htm
[76] http://www.thetower.org/1218-khamenei-calls-for-israels-destruction-arming-west-bank-palestinians/
[77] https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir/status/531366667377717248
[78] https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir/status/531723588210933760
[79] http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2014/08/13-doran-obama-middle-east-policy-danger-to-allies
[80] http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Hamas-deputy-leader-Ties-patched-up-with-Iran-384957
[81] http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-gaza-hamas-iran-20140804-story.html
[82] http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/21/iran-supplied-hamas-missile-technology
[83] http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Iran/SupportTerror/Pages/Iran-provided-most-of-Hamas-weapons-31-Aug-2014.aspx
[84] http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Pages/Hamas-thanks-Iran-for-its-support-17-Dec-2014.aspx
[85] http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Hamas-ready-to-cooperate-with-Iran-to-destroy-Israeli-occupation-389655
[86] http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Hamas-Deif-tells-Hezbollahs-Nasrallah-Lets-unite-against-Zionist-enemy-388543
[87] http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/07/hezbollah-hamas-repair-ties.html
[88] http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4542067,00.html
[89] http://jcpa.org/article/iran-arming-hizbullah-hamas/
[90] http://www.presstv.com/detail/2014/11/30/388141/west-bank-to-turn-into-israels-hell/
[91] http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/23/if-only-wed-just-spent-more-blood-and-treasure-in-yemen/
David Daoud is an lawyer, with a degree in International
Law, focusing on the Laws of Armed Conflict. He is fluent in both
Hebrew and Arabic. He has lived and worked in the Middle East, as
an analyst and translator for the United Nations Interim Force in
Lebanon, and researched and analyzed the development of human and
civil rights legislation in post-Revolution Egypt. He is currently
working as an analyst in Washington D.C. This article appeared in
The Tower and is archived at
http://www.thetower.org/article/the-rise-of-the-iranian-empire/.
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